Invasive Species
Invasive species
Invasive species threaten our native biodiversity, can cause havoc on the recreational value of an area and have negative economic consequences for local industries. They cost Europe around €10 billion annually. The total monetary impact for Ireland is not yet known.
Japanese Knotweed in Cavan
Japanese Knotweed is growing in Cavan - but hopefully with awareness and treatment it can be contained and minimised. In 2015, a number of identified sites on National and Regional Roads were treated. For each of these sites a monitoring and follow up treatment programme has been put in place. This programme may be extended to certain local roads subject to available resources.
Background
This menacing plant, introduced to Irish gardens in the 19th century as an exotic, has become one of Ireland’s 10 Most Unwanted Invasive Aliens. Able to grow a meter in less than a month, Japanese Knotweed can push through concrete and tarmac. Meanwhile, its roots can spread 7 metres wide and 5 metres deep. In no time at all, Japanese knotweed can create an impenetrable thicket 3m high.
Its unusually deep leaf litter smothers rival plants and wipes out native species. But even when it isn’t visible above ground, Japanese knotweed can lie dormant, but very much alive, below ground for up to a decade.
Years after projects have taken place to remove Japanese Knotweed, it is not defeated. Because it lies dormant underground hibernating, every year the area must be scoured for re-growth. Unless the plant is constantly monitored, the area will be covered in knotweed again in a number of years.
What does it look like?
In the summer Japanese Knotweed can reach three meters in height. It has green shield shaped leaves and spikes of small, creamy white flowers in September. In the autumn it sheds its leaves and becomes an unattractive, stand of dead, brown hollow stalks that rot over the winter. In the spring, little dark red shoots like dragons’ tails emerge. Growing up to 4 centimeters a day, they quickly form bamboo-like stems which sprout green leaves. Its roots are dark brown with a bright-orange inside which can snap easily, like a carrot.
Why is it a problem?
It beats native plants
Few plants new to Ireland are as invasive or destructive as Japanese knotweed. It can take over an area, wiping out all other plants—including our precious native species—in a single season. It does this by blocking out light and the deep leaf litter presents new growth of native plants.
It is destructive on building sites
The ability it has to grow through tarmac and concrete makes it a disaster on a site where work is to be carried out. Unless comprehensive eradication work is done, Japanese Knotweed can disturb the site for years to come. It is essential to stop the spread of this plant to save having to spend budgets to eradicate it when work is to start on site.
It is a hazard on the road side
On the road side, as it grows so quickly, it can block site lines only weeks after it is cut – so while the native plants are only inches high – it is leaping back up in meters.
How does it spread?
Without knowing it, people help Japanese Knotweed spread. Every Japanese Knotweed plant in Ireland is female. The only way it spreads is through its rhizomes or fragments of its own vegetation breaking off and re-growing. This means that when people cut it to try and get rid of it they actually help it to form new clumps. Strimming it is the worst thing you can do as it creates millions of tiny pieces, each of which can sprout into a new plant. Any cut or broken material should be burnt.
A real accelerator in recent years has been the moving of contaminated topsoil and building material around the during construction and road projects.
Lack of knowledge about how it spreads has meant that hedgecutting contractors have been cutting and spreading it unknowingly. Very often when there is a roadside area of knotweed, there are several clumps further down the road where sections from the flail cutter have landed in previous years.
What can you do to stop this menace?
DON'T IGNORE IT. A small Japanese knotweed plant quickly becomes a major infestation.
Do not strim, flail or chip it. Japanese knotweed can reproduce from tiny needle sized fragments of rhizome, twig or even leaf. It is extremely unlikely you can eradicate it by digging it out, because the roots stretch down so deep into the soil.
1. To report sightings on Public Road Verges only:
Please email details, including location to roads@cavancoco.ie – please use the website (http://www.gridreference.ie/ ) to include the coordinates of the location in your email.
2. To report sightings at all other locations e.g. private lands, farm lands, river banks
Photograph: W. Woodrow
Photograph: W. Woodrow
September is the time to begin to take action - Spray and monitor identified clumps. Where you have a confirmed site, spraying with Roundup or Synero in the second half of September means that as the plant dies back for the autumn, it will pull the herbicide down to its roots. This is the most effective time to spray. However the site will need spraying next year in the spring when it is about 1 metre high, again in mid summer and again in September if the leaves are still green. It will need continued attention and spot spraying to stop it re–emerging. Do NOT spray if you are near a watercourse. Stem injection systems are very effective if time consuming.
Check sites are free from Japanese Knotweed before soil is moved. Because it is such a problem to control, it is particularly important not to let new sites establish and contaminated soil should not be moved.
Please note also, a licence is required to remove and dispose of Japanese Knotweed under the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 and contractors employed to carry out this work should be aware of this requirement. If you have any queries in relation to the transport of Japanese Knotweed please contact the Licencing Unit of NPWS at email: wildlifelicence@housing.gov.ie